Referring Expression,
Predicate, and Universe of Discourse in Short Story
“ The Shoemaker and The Devil”
by Anton Chekhov
Sri Winarsih
F2A013004
English
Literature
Faculty of
Foreign Language and Culture
Muhammadiyah
Semarang University
2015
1.
Introduction
Semantics is the study of meaning in language. Two major
semantic roles of simple declarative sentences’ subparts: role of argument(s)
(played by referring expression(s)) and role of predicator. Despite some
overlap, semantic analysis of a sentence into predicator and argument(s)
grammatical analysis into subject and predicate.
Referring expression is any expression used in an
utterance to refer to something or someone (or a clearly delimited collection
of things or people).
Predicate is any word (or sequence of words) which (in a
given simple single sense) can function as the predicator of a sentence. Predicator identifies the semantic role played by a
particular word (or group of words) in a particular sentence.(Hurford, et al., 2007).
Universe of dicourse for any utterance as the particular
world real or imaginary (part real, part imaginary) that the speaker assumes he
is talking about at the time. Although not accepted by all semanticists, any
expression that can be used to refer to an entity in the real world or in any
imaginary world can be though of as a referring expression.
From the explain above the researcher interest to analysis
referring expression, predicate, and universe of discourse in short story “The
Shoemaker and The Devil” by Anton Checkhov.
2.
Problem of study
a.
What is referring
expression, predicate and universe of discourse found in short story “The Shoemaker and The Devil” ?
b.
What are the
degree of predicate in short story “The Shoemaker and The Devil” ?
3.
Aims of the study
a.
To analyze
referring expression, predicates, and universe of discourse in short story “The
Shoemaker and The Devil”.
b.
To analyze the
degree of predicates in short story “The Shoemaker and The Devil”.
4.
Theory
Theory that is used in this research is theory is Hurford
(2007) stated that the predicator of a simple declarative sentence is the word
(sometimes a (partial group of words) which does not belong to any of referring
expression and which of the remainder, makes the most specific contribution to
the meaning of the sentence. Intuitively speaking the predicator describes the
state or process in which the referring expression are involved.
This is in
line with Bailyn (2001) He stated
that speakers refer to things in the course of utterances by means of referring
expressions. The words in a referring expression give clues which help the
hearer to identify its referent. In particular, predicates may be embeded
inreferring expressions as, for instance, the predicates man, in, and corner
are embedded in the referring expression the man in the corner. The correct
referent of such a referring expression is something which completely fits, or
satisfies, the description made by the combination of predicates embedded in it.
5.
Analysis
In analysis the researcher will analysis about referring
expression, predicates, universe of discourse, degree of predicates, and
distincion and relationship of predicates and referring expression in short
story “The Shoemaker and The Devil” by Anton Chekhov.
a.
Analysis referring
expression, predicates, and universe of discourse
1.
It was Christmas
Eve.
Christmas Eve
in sentence above is universe of
discourse because it is not real but every people believe that Christmas Eve is exist.
2.
Marya had long been
snoring on the stove.
Marya in this
sentence is Referring expression because
it is refer to someone. Snor in this
sentence is predicate because the
function as the predicator. And the stove
is referring expression because it is
refer to something.
3.
God, forgive me, a
sinner.
God in this
sentence is universe of discourse,
because not real and not has form but every people believe that God is
exist.and God is also referring
expression. Forgive is predicate because the function as a
predicator in this sentence. Me is referring expression because it is refer
to someone.
b.
Analysis degree of
predicates
1.
I have been asleep
long ago
This
sentence is a predicate one degree
(one place predicate)because the predicate
(asleep) only explain one argument/
referring expression (I).
2.
He hated his
customer
This
sentence is two place predicate
because the predicate (hate) explain
two arguments (he, and his customer).
3.
I take the boots to
the gentleman
This
sentence is three place predicate
because the predicate (take) explain three arguments (I, boots, and the
gentleman).
6.
Conclusion
From the analysis above the researcher found referring
expression, predicate, and unverse of discourse in short stoty “ The Shoemaker
and The Devil” by Anton Chekhov. In this short story the researcher found three
types degree of predicates, there are one place predicate, two place predicate,
and three place predicate.
7.
Reference
Hurford, J. R., Heasley, B., & Smith,
M. B. (2007). Semantics: A Coursebook (second ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
Svenonius, P. (1996 ).
Predicaton and Functional Heads. [education ]. The Proceedings
of the Fourteenth West Coast Conference on
Formal Linguistics, ed, 493-507.
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