Referring Expression, Predicate, and Universe of Discourse in Short Story “ The Shoemaker and The Devil” by Anton ChekhovReferring Expression, Predicate, and Universe of Discourse in Short Story “ The Shoemaker and The Devil” by Anton Chekhov

Referring Expression, Predicate, and Universe of Discourse in Short Story

“ The Shoemaker and The Devil” by Anton Chekhov

Sri Winarsih

F2A013004

English Literature

Faculty of Foreign Language and Culture

Muhammadiyah Semarang University

2015

1.      Introduction

Semantics is the study of meaning in language. Two major semantic roles of simple declarative sentences’ subparts: role of argument(s) (played by referring expression(s)) and role of predicator. Despite some overlap, semantic analysis of a sentence into predicator and argument(s) grammatical analysis into subject and predicate.

Referring expression is any expression used in an utterance to refer to something or someone (or a clearly delimited collection of things or people).

Predicate is any word (or sequence of words) which (in a given simple single sense) can function as the predicator of a sentence. Predicator identifies the semantic role played by a particular word (or group of words) in a particular sentence.(Hurford, et al., 2007).

Universe of dicourse for any utterance as the particular world real or imaginary (part real, part imaginary) that the speaker assumes he is talking about at the time. Although not accepted by all semanticists, any expression that can be used to refer to an entity in the real world or in any imaginary world can be though of as a referring expression.

From the explain above the researcher interest to analysis referring expression, predicate, and universe of discourse in short story “The Shoemaker and The Devil” by Anton Checkhov.

2.      Problem of study

a.       What is referring expression, predicate and universe of discourse found in short story “The Shoemaker and The Devil” ?

b.      What are the degree of predicate in short story “The Shoemaker and The Devil” ?

3.      Aims of the study

a.       To analyze referring expression, predicates, and universe of discourse in short story “The Shoemaker and The Devil”.

b.      To analyze the degree of predicates in short story “The Shoemaker and The Devil”.

4.      Theory

Theory that is used in this research is theory is Hurford (2007) stated that the predicator of a simple declarative sentence is the word (sometimes a (partial group of words) which does not belong to any of referring expression and which of the remainder, makes the most specific contribution to the meaning of the sentence. Intuitively speaking the predicator describes the state or process in which the referring expression are involved.

This is in line with Bailyn (2001) He stated that speakers refer to things in the course of utterances by means of referring expressions. The words in a referring expression give clues which help the hearer to identify its referent. In particular, predicates may be embeded inreferring expressions as, for instance, the predicates man, in, and corner are embedded in the referring expression the man in the corner. The correct referent of such a referring expression is something which completely fits, or satisfies, the description made by the combination of predicates embedded in it.

5.      Analysis

In analysis the researcher will analysis about referring expression, predicates, universe of discourse, degree of predicates, and distincion and relationship of predicates and referring expression in short story “The Shoemaker and The Devil” by Anton Chekhov.

a.       Analysis referring expression, predicates, and universe of discourse

1.      It was Christmas Eve.

Christmas Eve in sentence above is universe of discourse because it is not real but every people believe that Christmas Eve is exist.

2.      Marya had long been snoring on the stove.

Marya in this sentence is Referring expression because it is refer to someone. Snor in this sentence is predicate because the function as the predicator. And the stove is referring expression because it is refer to something.

3.      God, forgive me, a sinner.

God in this sentence is universe of discourse, because not real and not has form but every people believe that God is exist.and God is also referring expression. Forgive is predicate because the function as a predicator in this sentence. Me is referring expression because it is refer to someone.

b.      Analysis degree of predicates

1.      I have been asleep long ago

This sentence is a predicate one degree (one place predicate)because the predicate (asleep) only explain one argument/ referring expression (I).

2.      He hated his customer

This sentence is two place predicate because the predicate (hate) explain two arguments (he, and his customer).

3.      I take the boots to the gentleman

This sentence is three place predicate because the predicate (take) explain three arguments (I, boots, and the gentleman).

6.      Conclusion

From the analysis above the researcher found referring expression, predicate, and unverse of discourse in short stoty “ The Shoemaker and The Devil” by Anton Chekhov. In this short story the researcher found three types degree of predicates, there are one place predicate, two place predicate, and three place predicate.

7.      Reference

Bailyn, J. F. (2001). The Syntax of Slavic Predicate Case. ZAS paper in linguistics, 22.

Hurford, J. R., Heasley, B., & Smith, M. B. (2007). Semantics: A Coursebook (second ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Svenonius, P. (1996 ). Predicaton and Functional Heads. [education ]. The Proceedings  of  the  Fourteenth  West Coast  Conference  on  Formal  Linguistics,  ed, 493-507.

                                                                                                                         

Analysis of “A Dream Within A Dream” by Edgar Allan Poe

Analysis of “A Dream Within A Dream”

by Edgar Allan Poe

Introduction

Poetry is an imaginative awareness of experience expressed through meaning, sound, and rhythmic language choices so as to evoke an emotional response. Poetry has been known to employ meter and rhyme, but this is by no means necessary. Poetry is an ancient form that has gone through numerous and drastic reinvention over time. The very nature of poetry as an authentic and individual mode of expression makes it nearly impossible to define.

According to Herman J. Waluyo (1995) in his work Teori dan Apresiasi Puisi, he describes a poetry is one of literary work which uses the beautiful words and also has the sententious meaning. The beauty of poetry is formed by an intrinsic elements. Which it devides to be two kinds, those are the physical and psychological elements. The physical elements in poetry are the imagery, diction, figurative language and rhyme. Whereas the psychological elements are like theme, atmosphere. and tone.

According Herman J. Waluyo’s theory (Teori dan Apresiasi Puisi:1995), the poem divided two, they are physical structure and psychological structure.

1.      Physical elements :

1.      Diction is the selection of words which was written in the poem because the words show the meaning, rhyme, and context of the poem.

2.      Imagery is word or structure of word that describe imagery experiences.

3.      Concrete words is to make the words in the poem is more concrete. If the writer make the word to be concrete, the reader can imagine, see, and listen what the condition in the poem.

4.      Figurative languange is languange which is used by the writer to describe the meaning of the poem.

5.      Rhyme is the equation of the sound in poetry, either at the beginning, middle, or the end of lines of poetry.

2.      Psychological elements:

1.      Theme and Messange is part of poem. Theme is main problem of poem which the writer describe. Message is something that the reader can conclude after they read the poem.

2.      Feeling/Atmoshpere is the reader’s feeling after they read the poem.

3.      Tone is the writter’s attitude in the poem

The researcher will use Herman J. Waluyo’s teory to analysis a poem “a Dream Within A Dream” by Edgar Allan Poe  to know how an intrinsic elements that contain in this poem. To get clearer and more details about it, will be presented on the analysis below.

Analysis

In a poem the researcher will analysis physical and psychological elements in the poem “a Dream Within A Dream” by Edgar Allan Poe according to Herman J. Waluyo (1995) in his work Teori dan Apresiasi Puisi.

A Dream Within A Dream

By Edgar Allan Poe

Take this kiss upon the brow!

And, in parting from you now,

Thus much let me avow—

You are not wrong, who deem

That my days have been a dream;

Yet if hope has flown away

In a night, or in none,

I it therefore the less gone?

All that we see or seem

Is but a dream within a dream.

I stand amid the roar

Of a surf-tormented shore,

And I hold within my hand

Grains of the golden sand—

How few! Yet how they creep

While I weep—while I weep!

O God! Can I not grasp

Them with a tighter clasp?

O God! Can I not save

One from the pitiless wave?

Is all that we see or seem

But a dream within a dream?

                                                              

Physical elements

1.      Interpretation

The interpretation of this poem “A Dream Within A Dream” by Edgar Allan Poe is asomeone who has a dream but he can’t raise in reality. He feels dream in within dream and he can’t found the way to get his dream.

“That my days have been a dream”

“Yet if hope has flown away”

“In a night, or in day,”

“In a vision, or in none”

“Is it therefore the less gone”

“All that we see or seem”

“Is but a dream within a dream”

2.      Imagery

The imagery of this poem is the Author wants to show his dream which not to raise. The Author show his feeling is sadness, frustation, and desperation in his life.

“while I weep—while I weep”

“O God! Can I not grasp”

“Them with a tigher clasp”

“O God!can I not save”

“One from the pitiless wave”

“Is all that we see or seem”

“But a dream within a dream”

3.      Rhytem

The rhytem of this poem is in first stanza lines one, two, and three are same (brow, now,avow). Lines four and five are same (deem, dream). Lines six and even are same (away, day). Lines eight and nine are seven (none, gone). But lines ten and eleven are same with lines four and five (deem, dream, seem, dream). In second stanza, lines twelve, and thirteen are same (roar, shore). Lines fouthteen and fifteen are same (hand, sand). Lines sixteen, seventeen, and eighteen are same (creep, deep, weep). Lines nineteen and twenty are same (grasp, clasp). Lines twenty one and twenty two are same (save, wave). Lines twenty three and twenty four same with lines ten and eleven(seem, dream).

4.      Diction

Diction of this poem is surf-tormented  shore and the pitiless wave.

“Of a surf-tormented shore”

“And I hold within my hand”

“O God! Can I not save”

“One from the pitiless wave”

5.      Figurative language

Personification

Grains of the golden sand

This lines called personification because the sand can be compared to sand in an hourglass.

Metaphor

Of a surf-tormented shore

This lines called metaphore because as the water in the sea slowly but inexorably pound away at the physical exsistence of the shore.

One from the pitiless wave

This lines called metaphor because the author regard the wave is “pitiless” the temporal nature of the water by weeping in tandem with the falling of the sand.

Psychological elements

1.      Theme

The theme of this poem is a dream within a dream which not same with reality and a dream which can’t someone get.

“all that we see or seem”

“is but a dream within a dream”

2.      Feel

The feel of this poem is frustation, desperation, and sadness.

“of a surf-tormented shore”

“and I hold within my hand”

“while I weep-while I weep”

“o God! Can I not save”

“One from the pitiless wave”

3.      Tone

Tone of this poem is empaty because in this poem the author shows about his sadness and he was frustation because his dream is not same with reality of his life.

“in a night or in day”

“In a vision or in none”

“Is it therefore the less gone”

4.      Atmosphere

The atmosphere of this poem is disturbing.

“one from the pitiless wave?”

5.      Moral message

Moral message of this poem is the life has been a dream but that everything can become a real if we afford to get it.

Conclusion

The poem “A Dream Within A Dream” by Edgar Allan Poe uses the theories from According Herman J. Waluyo’s theory (Teori dan Apresiasi Puisi:1995), according the theory, there are two structures of poem. They are psysical structure and psychologycal structures. This poem tells about someone who has a dream but he can’t to raise his dream. In this poem has two figurative language there are personification and metaphore. The feel of this poem is sadness, desperation and frustation because in this poem the author tells about his sadness when he has dream but a dream within a dream.